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- #CARD:Syria:Geography
- #IMAGE 49 66 TWPCX \maps\Syria.PCX
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK Click Here for MAP
- Syria
- Geography
-
-
- Location:
- Middle East, along the Mediterranean Sea, between Turkey and Lebanon
- Map references:
- Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World
- Area:
- total area:
- 185,180 km2
- land area:
- 184,050 km2
- comparative area:
- slightly larger than North Dakota
- note:
- includes 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territory
- Land boundaries:
- total 2,253 km, Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km,
- Turkey 822 km
- Coastline:
- 193 km
- Maritime claims:
- contiguous zone:
- 41 nm
- territorial sea:
- 35 nm
- International disputes:
- separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is Israeli
- occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over
- Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by
- Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; Syrian troops in northern
- Lebanon since October 1976
- Climate:
- mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy
- winters (December to February) along coast
- Terrain:
- primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in
- west
- Natural resources:
- petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock
- salt, marble, gypsum
- Land use:
- arable land:
- 28%
- permanent crops:
- 3%
- meadows and pastures:
- 46%
- forest and woodland:
- 3%
- other:
- 20%
- Irrigated land:
- 6,700 km2 (1989)
- Environment:
- deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
- Note:
- there are 38 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights
-
- #ENDCARD
- #CARD:Syria:People
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Syria
- People
-
-
- Population:
- 14,338,527 (July 1993 est.)
- note:
- in addition, there are at least 14,500 Druze and 14,000 Jewish settlers in
- the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (1993 est.)
- Population growth rate:
- 3.76% (1993 est.)
- Birth rate:
- 44.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
- Death rate:
- 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
- Net migration rate:
- 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
- Infant mortality rate:
- 43.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth:
- total population:
- 66.12 years
- male:
- 65.07 years
- female:
- 67.22 years (1993 est.)
- Total fertility rate:
- 6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.)
- Nationality:
- noun:
- Syrian(s)
- adjective:
- Syrian
- Ethnic divisions:
- Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%
- Religions:
- Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%, Christian
- (various sects) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and
- Aleppo)
- Languages:
- Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French widely
- understood
- Literacy:
- age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
- total population:
- 64%
- male:
- 78%
- female:
- 51%
- Labor force:
- 2.951 million (1989)
- by occupation:
- miscellaneous and government services 36%, agriculture 32%, industry and
- construction 32%; note - shortage of skilled labor (1984)
-
- #ENDCARD
- #CARD:Syria:Government
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Syria
- Government
-
-
- Names:
- conventional long form:
- Syrian Arab Republic
- conventional short form:
- Syria
- local long form:
- Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah
- local short form:
- Suriyah
- former:
- United Arab Republic (with Egypt)
- Digraph:
- SY
- Type:
- republic under leftwing military regime since March 1963
- Capital:
- Damascus
- Administrative divisions:
- 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah,
- Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab,
- Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus
- Independence:
- 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)
- Constitution:
- 13 March 1973
- Legal system:
- based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not
- accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
- National holiday:
- National Day, 17 April (1946)
- Political parties and leaders:
- ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party; the
- Progressive National is dominated by Ba'thists but includes independents and
- members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP); Arab Socialist Union
- (ASU); Syrian Communist Party (SCP); Arab Socialist Unionist Movement; and
- Democratic Socialist Union Party
- Other political or pressure groups:
- non-Ba'th parties have little effective political influence; Communist party
- ineffective; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood
- Suffrage:
- 18 years of age; universal
- Elections:
- President:
- last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results -
- President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with
- 99.98% of the vote
- People's Council:
- last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba'th
- 53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%,
- Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250
- total) Ba'th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5,
- Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's
- Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election
- Executive branch:
- president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime
- ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
- Legislative branch:
- unicameral People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab)
-
- #ENDCARD
- #CARD:Syria:Government
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Syria
- Government
- Judicial branch:
- Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation,
- State Security Courts
- Leaders:
- Chief of State:
- President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see note); Vice Presidents
- 'Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since
- 11 March 1984); note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970
- coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as
- president in the 12 March 1971 national elections
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister
- Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim
- YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Rashid AKHTARINI
- (since 4 July 1992)
- Member of:
- ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
- ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,
- LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
- WIPO, WMO, WTO
- Diplomatic representation in US:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Walid MOUALEM
- chancery:
- 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
- telephone:
- (202) 232-6313
- US diplomatic representation:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS
- embassy:
- Abu Rumaneh, Al Mansur Street No. 2, Damascus
- mailing address:
- P. O. Box 29, Damascus
- telephone:
- [963] (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315, 714108, 337178, 333232
- FAX:
- [963] (11) 718687
- Flag:
- three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two small
- green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band;
- similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band and of Iraq,
- which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal
- line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which
- has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band
-
- #ENDCARD
- #CARD:Syria:Economy
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Syria
- Economy
-
-
- Overview:
- Syria's state-dominated Ba'thist economy has benefited from the Gulf war,
- increased oil production, good weather, and economic deregulation. Economic
- growth averaged nearly 12% annually in 1990-91, buoyed by increased oil
- production and improved agricultural performance. The Gulf war of early 1991
- provided Syria an aid windfall of nearly $5 billion dollars from Arab,
- European, and Japanese donors. These inflows more than offset Damascus's
- war-related costs and will help Syria cover some of its debt arrears,
- restore suspended credit lines, and initiate selected military and civilian
- purchases. In 1992 the government spurred economic development by loosening
- controls on domestic and foreign investment while maintaining strict
- political controls. For the long run, Syria's economy is still saddled with
- a large number of poorly performing public sector firms and industrial and
- agricultural productivity is poor. A major long-term concern is the
- additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by Turkey when its vast dam and
- irrigation projects are completed by mid-decade.
- National product:
- GDP - exchange rate conversion - $30 billion (1991 est.)
- National product real growth rate:
- 9% (1991 est.)
- National product per capita:
- $2,300 (1991 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- 20% (1992 est.)
- Unemployment rate:
- 5.7% (1989)
- Budget:
- revenues $5.4 billion; expenditures $7.5 billion, including capital
- expenditures of $2.9 billion (1991 est.)
- Exports:
- $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
- commodities:
- petroleum 45%, farm products 11%, textiles, phosphates 5% (1990)
- partners:
- USSR and Eastern Europe 44%, EC 34%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 1% (1990)
- Imports:
- $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
- commodities:
- foodstuffs and beverages 21%, machinery 15%, metal and metal products 15%,
- textiles 7%, petroleum products (1990)
- partners:
- EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 11%, Arab
- countries 6% (1990)
- External debt:
- $5.3 billion (1990 est.)
- Industrial production:
- growth rate 6% (1991 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP
- Electricity:
- 3,205,000 kW capacity; 11,900 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita
- (1992)
- Industries:
- textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining,
- petroleum
- Agriculture:
- accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops
- (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rain-watered
- land causing wide swings in production; animal products - beef, lamb, eggs,
- poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products
-
- #ENDCARD
- #CARD:Syria:Economy
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Syria
- Economy
- Illicit drugs:
- a transit country for Lebanese and Turkish refined cocaine going to Europe
- and heroin and hashish bound for the Persian Gulf area
- Economic aid:
- US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US)
- ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.23 billion; OPEC bilateral
- aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; former Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3
- billion
- Currency:
- 1 Syrian pound (#S) = 100 piasters
- Exchange rates:
- Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 22.0 (promotional rate since 1991), 22.0
- (official rate since 1991), 42.0 (official parallel rate since 1991),
- 11.2250 (fixed rate 1987-90)
- Fiscal year:
- calendar year
-
- #ENDCARD
- #CARD:Syria:Communications
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Syria
- Communications
-
-
- Railroads:
- 1,998 km total; 1,766 km standard gauge, 232 km 1.050-meter (narrow) gauge
- Highways:
- 29,000 km total; 670 km expressways; 5,000 km main or national roads; 23,330
- km secondary or regional roads (not including municipal roads); 22,680 km of
- the total is paved (1988)
- Inland waterways:
- 870 km; minimal economic importance
- Pipelines:
- crude oil 1,304 km, petroleum products 515 km
- Ports:
- Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas, Jablah
- Merchant marine:
- 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 117,247 GRT/183,607 DWT; includes 36
- cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 bulk
- Airports:
- total:
- 104
- usable:
- 100
- with permanent-surface runways:
- 24
- with runways over 3,659 m:
- 0
- with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
- 21
- with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
- 3
- Telecommunications:
- fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital
- upgrades, including fiber optic technology; 512,600 telephones (37
- telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 9 AM, 1 FM, 17 TV;
- satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Intersputnik; 1
- submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan,
- Lebanon, and Turkey
-
- #ENDCARD
- #CARD:Syria:Defense Forces
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Syria
- Defense Forces
-
-
- Branches:
- Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air
- Defense Forces
- Manpower availability:
- males age 15-49 3,168,429; fit for military service 1,777,413; reach
- military age (19) annually 151,102 (1993 est.)
- Defense expenditures:
- exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion, 6% of GDP (1992)
-
- #ENDCARD
-